Amid Slow Growth, Tax Revenue Has Recovered in 29 States
Little Rock, Arkansas. Arkansas was one of the first states to surpass its recession era tax revenue peak.
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But some pockets of new fiscal stress have also emerged.
This article was originally published by States' Fiscal Health, an initiative of The Pew Charitable Trusts, and was written by Barb Rosewicz and Daniel Newman.
Tax revenue has recovered slowly and unevenly after falling in every state during the Great Recession. By the end of 2015, tax collections had bounced back in 29 states after accounting for inflation, even though receipts slumped in a number of states late in the year.
State tax revenue increased nationally and in most states in 2015, but pockets of new fiscal stress also emerged.
Nationally, total state tax revenue recovered in mid-2013 from losses in the recession that ended in 2009. At the close of 2015, states collectively took in 6.5 percent more tax revenue than they did in the third quarter of 2008 before receipts plunged in the recession, after accounting for inflation and seasonal fluctuations.
But the national trend masks how widely recovery has varied across the states. In eight of the 29 states in which tax revenue had rebounded by the fourth quarter of 2015, receipts were more than 15 percent higher than at their inflation-adjusted peak before or during the recession. Conversely, collections in four of the 21 states with below-peak tax revenue were down 15 percent or more, after adjusting for inflation.
Total state tax revenue rose for the sixth straight quarter at the end of 2015, which is midway through most states’ fiscal year 2016, although state-by-state results were mixed. In 16 states, including most of the nation’s top oil producers, tax collections fell in the final quarter of 2015. Besides a steep drop in energy prices, other reasons for tax declines included a weak stock market, state tax cuts, or growth that was slower than inflation.
State results differ dramatically because of variations in economic conditions, population changes, and tax policy choices since the recession. Among states in which tax revenue has recovered, some such as California and Minnesota raised taxes after the recession, contributing to gains. Among states in which receipts remain below their previous peaks, some such as Florida, Kansas, and Ohio chose to cut taxes since the recession.
State Highlights
A comparison of each state’s tax receipts in the fourth quarter of 2015 with its peak quarter of revenue before the end of the recession, averaged across four quarters and adjusted for inflation, shows:
- Amid falling oil prices, eight of the top 10 oil-producing states registered a decline from last quarter’s tax revenue levels: Alaska, Colorado, Louisiana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Texas, and Wyoming. Among the top oil producers, only Kansas and California saw gains.
- The most dramatic drop was in North Dakota, where tax collections at the end of 2015 were 66.5 percent above their highest point during the recession, compared with 124.8 percent above at the end of 2014. Still, North Dakota remained the leader in tax revenue growth among all states.
- Eight other states also saw declines in the final quarter of 2015: Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia.
- West Virginia’s tax revenue fell to its lowest point in five years (2.5 percent below its pre-recession peak) amid weak coal and natural gas prices. Illinois’ collections fell for the fifth straight quarter with the expiration of a temporary personal income tax hike in January 2015.
- In the second half of 2015, Maine (3.0 percent) and Rhode Island (0.9 percent) for the first time moved onto the list of states in which tax revenue has recovered, and West Virginia fell off.
- Eight states—the most since the recession ended—posted rebounds of 15 percent or more: North Dakota (66.5 percent), Minnesota (21.3 percent), Colorado (20.8 percent), Iowa (19.1 percent), California (16.6 percent), New York (16.3 percent), Oregon (16.0 percent), and Maryland (15.3 percent).
- Alaska was furthest below its peak, down 93.1 percent. This was its lowest point since a short-lived windfall in 2008, when a new state oil tax coincided with record-high crude prices. As oil production has waned, the state has seen revenue decline for the past 12 quarters, even before a steep drop in worldwide crude prices.
- Also down more than 15 percent from their previous peaks were Wyoming (-25.6 percent), Louisiana (-20.9 percent), and Florida (-18.1 percent).
- Two states with receipts well above peak—Colorado (20.8 percent) and Oregon (16.0 percent)—have constitutional caps on tax revenue growth that can trigger refunds to taxpayers. Both issued such refunds for 2015.
Trends Over Time
In 2015, eight additional states surpassed their recession-era tax revenue peaks in inflation-adjusted dollars, bringing the total to 29. The increasing number of states to regain their tax revenue levels shows that the effects of the Great Recession are receding—but slowly. By this time after the 2001 recession, which was shorter and less severe, tax collections had rebounded in all but one state—Michigan.
In 2010, North Dakota was the first state to surpass its recession-era peak, followed by Vermont, then Arkansas and New York by mid-2011. Tax receipts were above peak in nine states at the end of calendar 2011; 16 states at the end of 2012; 23 states at the end of 2013; 21 states at the end of 2014; and 29 states at the end of 2015.
Combined, the 50 states now have the equivalent of 6.5 cents more in purchasing power for every $1 they collected at their 2008 peak. Even states with extra purchasing power since the recession, though, can face budget pressures because of increased expenditures due to population growth, changes in Medicaid costs and enrollment, and deferred or new needs for schools, safety-net programs, corrections, employee salaries and pensions, and road maintenance and construction.
Revenue Outlook
Looking ahead, total state tax revenue is expected to grow—though at a slow pace—through fiscal 2017. Preliminary figures show that tax revenue growth was sluggish through the second quarter of 2016, the end of fiscal 2016 for most states, according to the Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government. Most states’ own forecasts through fiscal 2017 show less robust growth than in fiscal 2015 in both personal income and sales taxes, which would result in only modest increases in total receipts, Rockefeller reported. Stock market volatility and low oil prices were expected to cause continued uncertainty for some states.
State budgets do not adjust revenue for inflation, so states’ own documents may show tax collections closer to pre-recession totals. Without adjusting for inflation, 50-state tax revenue was 18.3 percent above peak and tax collections had recovered in 46 states—all except Alaska, Florida, Louisiana, and Wyoming—as of the fourth quarter of 2015. Unadjusted figures do not take into account changes in the price of goods and services.
Adjusting for inflation is just one way to evaluate state tax revenue growth. Different insights would be gained by tracking revenue relative to population growth or state economic output.
Download the data to see individual state trends from the first quarter of 2006 to the fourth quarter of 2015. Visit The Pew Charitable Trusts’ interactive resource Fiscal 50: State Trends and Analysis to sort and analyze data for other indicators of state fiscal health.
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