The downside of drones

Senate lawmakers heard from experts and public officials who warned of the security risks related to low-cost drones.

Harold Shaw, chief security officer for the Massachusetts Port Authority, told the Transportation Subcommittee of the Senate Commerce Committee about the dangers unmanned aerial systems pose at airports and public venues, and asked the committee to empower state and local public safety partners "to take charge of their own safety."

Currently, Shaw said at the June 18 hearing, local officials have neither the authority nor technology to respond to a drone incident.  He advocated an integrated system that allows both air traffickers and law enforcement to effectively identify drones and a way to mitigate drones that pose threats.

Four federal agencies -- the Departments of Defense, Energy, Homeland Security and Justice -- have authority to disrupt, destroy or damage a drone, according to Angela Stubblefield, deputy associate administrator at the Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Security and Hazardous Materials. She acknowledged the need for "a robust security framework to support and enable full UAS integration" that includes working with local authorities to mitigate rogue drones, but, she said, "it's challenging to consider the ability of state and local law enforcement to be able to do that without potentially creating even greater safety impacts while they're trying to address a security risk."

The security risk from drones also extends to their technologies and the nation's relationship with foreign countries.

Harry Wingo of National Defense University told the committee that Chinese UAS manufacturer DJI has a "near monopoly" on drone technology marketed in the U.S. That technology isn't just in the gears and rotors, but also in the image collection and storage systems that take photographs and retain data.

"American geospatial information is flown to Chinese data centers at an unprecedented level. This literally gives a Chinese company a view from above of our nation," Wingo said. "DJI says that American data is safe, but its use of proprietary software networks means how would we know."

Wingo noted that the Department of Defense has banned the use of DJI drones and expressed concern that U.S. public safety organizations including police in New York City have adopted the Chinese-made tech. "When you consider protecting a U.S. city at that level, to hand that information over is concerning," he said.

In December 2017, an intelligence memo from Immigrations and Customs Enforcement alleged that images of U.S. critical infrastructure facilities were being gathered and possibly sent to Chinese government data centers by drones.

A spokesperson for DJI North America strongly disputed the notion that its drones were communicating with outside sources without the knowledge of the operators.

"As a privately-held global technology company, DJI gives customers full and complete control over how their data is collected, stored, and transmitted. DJI drones do not share any data with DJI, over the internet, or in any other manner unless the operator deliberately chooses to do so," said company spokesperson Adam Lisberg in an email. "The security of our technology has been independently verified by the U.S. government, and our products meet all of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's data management recommendations."

Catherine Cahill, director of the Alaska Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration, noted in her testimony that closed software and storage systems for foreign-made drones are a concern.

"We are working to address foreign systems by using open source autopilots instead of the foreign made systems coming with them," she said. Cahill also warned that drone technology being developed in the U.S. is threatened by industrial espionage from foreign competitors.

Cahill said the U.S. must be careful in the rush to develop both drones and anti-drone technologies. Some technologies being developed in U.S. research centers could be vulnerable. For instance, she said some forward-looking infrared cameras used in academic research laboratories or in remote sensing classes at her facility are controlled under International Traffic in Arms Regulations.

"We do see approaches from Iran, Russia, Pakistan. They want to come and learn" about the center's work and test site, she said. "They assume we're an easier target than the Defense Department."

Additionally, Cahill and Stubblefield told lawmakers that Congress should consider authorizing counter-UAS technology testing, currently forbidden under law except for a narrow exemption granted to the four agencies.

Sen. Dan Sullivan (R-Alaska), the chairman of the Transportation Subcommittee, said a possible change to the law that might allow for anti-drone technology testing by nongovernmental entities in the wide, unpopulated expanses of his home state might be worth considering.

A version of this article was first posted to FCW, a sibling site to GCN.