Animal movement powers new GPS wildlife tracker

This story was first published by Futurity. Read the original article here. 

A new battery-free GPS wildlife tracker runs on kinetic energy, the energy generated when the animal moves.

The wolf’s comeback in Europe has preoccupied people all across the continent over the last years. Where is it? What is its range? What does it live on? The only way to get solid answers to these questions is through GPS tracking.

In December, it was a cause for celebration when a GPS collar was fitted onto a wolf for the first time in Denmark. Only three months later, the signal stopped.

GPS trackers that stop working or run out of power prematurely are a frequent problem and source of frustration among researchers who want to track mammals for longer periods, says biologist and postdoc Rasmus W. Havmøller of the University of Copenhagen. Typically, batteries are the problem.

“When studying wildlife with GPS technology, the biggest limitation is always going to be the battery. It’s enormously frustrating. It is not uncommon that one gets to track an animal for a few months at most before the GPS device goes dead. But tracking an animal for a longer period of time is often important, as in the case with wolves here in Denmark. Therefore, we need a more reliable power source,” Havmøller says.

“Solar cells work fine for birds, but solar cells are so fragile that mammals tend to crush them. Moreover, many mammals are nocturnal. So we needed to come up with an alternative. I had long thought about the cleverness of the automatic wristwatches that many of us wear, which harvest energy from our own body’s movements,” Havmøller says.

“It sure as heck works! The more an animal moves, the more energy it generates and the more GPS location messages it sends. Unless the equipment itself breaks, it will work throughout an animal’s lifetime,” says Havmøller. “At the same time, it only weighs 150 grams (about 0.3 pounds)—significantly less than most other GPS trackers—so it can even be fitted onto small mammals.”

Further, the wildlife tracker device costs less than a tenth of traditional GPS collars, which run up to €3,500-4,000 (about $3,700) apiece.

Havmøller and his colleague, lead author Troels Gregersen, are assembling the GPS trackers themselves in a small laboratory at the Natural History Museum of Denmark.

The device, dubbed “KineFox” has been fitted onto one of the Danish Nature Agency’s wild horses and has been sending data on the horse’s position for the past six months. The tracker has also been tested on dogs and a bison. The plan is for it to be long-term tested on several animal species.

Rewilding is one area that the researchers envision the GPS tracker making a difference. The lack of supervision of animals released into the wild is a problem that has given rise to heated debate in recent years.

“The systematic human supervision of wild horses and cattle, to keep them from starving for example, is extremely resource intensive. Our tracker is ready to address this task,” Havmøller says.

Because the tracking unit contains an accelerometer that measures how an animal moves, wildlife managers can get a glimpse of an animal’s condition through its activity pattern.

“Studies with cows and pigs show that they begin moving differently when ill. In this way, it is likely that the tracker will also be able to tell something about an animal’s health. This means that you can comply with supervision legislation without having to get people out there every single day to find and inspect animals,” he says.

Havmøller points out that Kinefox can also lend a hand to endangered species, wherever knowledge about the way they live and move about is lacking.

“There is no good alternative to this GPS device when it comes to serious long-term studies and studies of how animal species disperse. Because either the equipment is too big, too heavy, or too fragile. But it’s really important to understand how a species moves from one place to another, and where they are shot or poisoned, for example—not least if we want to protect them better.”

Havmøller has been frustrated by GPS devices whose batteries died suddenly while studying both endangered leopards and wild dogs.

“There are endangered species where we know incredibly little about what they do for most of their lives. These include tigers, which can travel thousands of kilometers, as well the Asiatic wild dogs and leopards that I’m involved with.

“When wild dogs reach sexual maturity, leave their mother, and set out on their own, they are very vulnerable. But from that moment on, we know nothing about what they’re up to and why some die while others make it. It is a black box. I hope that this invention can remedy that,” he says.

Havmøller and his research colleagues are now in contact with several potential stakeholders about the long-term testing of Kinefox on various animal species.

The research on the tracker appears in PLOS ONE.

Additional coauthors are from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, DTU Engineering Design and Product Development, and the University of Copenhagen.