See Where Your Food Comes From on This Map

Overall, there are 9.5 million links between counties on the map.

Overall, there are 9.5 million links between counties on the map. Shutterstock

All Americans, from urban to rural are connected through the food system.

My team at the University of Illinois just developed the first high-resolution map of the U.S. food supply chain.

Our map is a comprehensive snapshot of all food flows between counties in the U.S. – grains, fruits and vegetables, animal feed, and processed food items.

To build the map, we brought together information from eight databases, including the Freight Analysis Framework from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which tracks where items are shipped around the country, and Port Trade data from the U.S. Census Bureau, which shows the international ports through which goods are traded.

We also released this information in a publicly available database.

This map shows how food flows between counties in the U.S. Each line represents the transportation of all food commodities, along transit routes, like roads or railways. Environmental Research Letters (2019), CC BY-SA

What does this map reveal?

1. Where Your Food Comes From

Now, residents in each county can see how they are connected to all other counties in the country via food transfers. Overall, there are 9.5 million links between counties on our map.

All Americans, from urban to rural are connected through the food system. Consumers all rely on distant producers; agricultural processing plants; food storage like grain silos and grocery stores; and food transportation systems.

For example, the map shows how a shipment of corn starts at a farm in Illinois, travels to a grain elevator in Iowa before heading to a feedlot in Kansas, and then travels in animal products being sent to grocery stores in Chicago.

2. Where the Food Hubs Are

At 22 million tons of food, Los Angeles County received more food than any other county in 2012, our study year. It also shipped out the most of any county: almost 17 million tons.

California’s Fresno County and Stanislaus County are the next largest, respectively. In fact, many of the counties that shipped and received the most food were located in California. This is due to the several large urban centers, such as Los Angeles and San Francisco, as well as the productive Central Valley in California.

We also looked for the core counties – the places that are most central to the overall structure of the food supply network. A disruption to any of these counties may have ripple effects for the food supply chain of the entire country.

We did this by looking for counties with the largest number of connections to others, as well as those that score highly in a factor called “betweenness centrality,” a measurement of the places with the largest fraction of the shortest paths.

San Bernardino County led the list, followed again by a number of other California transit hubs. Also on the list are Maricopa County, Arizona; Shelby County, Tennessee; and Harris County, Texas.

However, our estimates are for 2012, an extreme drought year in the Cornbelt. So, in another year, the network may look different. It’s possible that counties within the Cornbelt would show up as more critical in non-drought years. This is something that we hope to dig into in future work.

3. How Food Travels from Place to Place

We also looked at how much food is transported between one county and another.

Many of the largest food transport links were within California. This indicates that there is a lot of internal food movement within the state.

One of the largest links is from Niagara County to Erie County in New York. That’s due to the flow of food through an important international overland port with Canada.

Some of the other largest links were inside the counties themselves. This is because of moving food items around for manufacturing within a county – for example, milk gets off a truck at a large depot and is then shipped to a yogurt facility, then the yogurt is moved to a grocery distribution warehouse, all within the same county.

The food supply chain relies on a complex web of interconnected infrastructure. For example, a lot of grain produced throughout the Midwest is transported to the Port of New Orleans for export. This primarily occurs via the waterways of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.

The infrastructure along these waterways – such as locks 52 and 53 – are critical, but have not been overhauled since their construction in 1929. They represent a serious bottleneck, slowing down innumerable supply chains nationwide, including that of grain. If they were to fail entirely, then commodity transport and supply chains would be completely disrupted.

Railroads are also important for moving grain. Fresh produce, on the other hand, is often moved around the country by refrigerated truck. This is due to the need to keep fresh fruits and vegetables – relatively high value agricultural products – cool until they reach the consumer.

In future work, we hope to evaluate the specific infrastructure that is critical to the U.S. food supply chain.

This story has been updated to correct the amount of food shipped and received by Los Angeles County.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Megan Konar is an assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

NEXT STORY: A State Bill to Ban the B-Word

A State Bill to Ban the B-Word

The Massachusetts state house in Boston.

The Massachusetts state house in Boston. Shutterstock

STATE AND LOCAL ROUNDUP | Michigan may relax legislative term limits … Colorado governor mocks Trump … Judge rules Louisiana governor has 30 days to release records about alleged sexual harassment by staffer.

An odd proposal introduced into the Massachusetts legislature this week would ban use of the word “bitch,” resulting in fines up to $200 and up to six months in jail for violations. Rep. Daniel Hunt, a Democrat, said that he was obligated to introduce the bill even if it were almost certainly struck down by a First Amendment challenge if it became law. Massachusetts has a “right to free petition” statute that allows citizens to file proposed bills directly through a representative, which is what happened here with one of Hunt’s constituents. “It’s important whether you agree or disagree with the legislation being proposed that you honor the duty to represent your constituents and have their voices heard,” he said. According to the bill text, “a person who uses the word ‘bitch’ directed at another person to accost, annoy, degrade or demean the other person shall be considered to be a disorderly person. A violation of this subsection may be reported by the person to whom the offensive language was directed at or by any witness to such incident.” Hunt is facing pushback and the bill has sparked a social media uproar from people on the left and the right. “While I detest the use of the B-word and the N-word and the word fag, etc, I love the Constitution more and question the constitutionality of bills like this. The concern is specifically about the right to free speech, including speech that I hate,” said Arline Isaacson, co-chairwoman of the Massachusetts Gay and Lesbian Political Caucus. Republicans, including conservative political consultant Chip Jones, said that the bill would take away individual liberty. “It’s a very, very slippery slope and at the end of the slippery slope is the anti-Websters, the dictionary of words we can never use,” he said. Michael Meltsner, a professor of law at Northeastern University, said that people shouldn’t be worried. “This would last about 10 seconds in a court of law. It’s preposterous that any elected official would think they could do this,” he said. But Hunt said it was his duty to bring the bill to the floor because of the right to free petition law. “Once you start picking and choosing, it eats away at the original intent of the framers, which is to give access to government to all of our citizens. In general, having people involved and trying to understand government is a good thing,” he said. [Washington Post; Boston Herald; Boston Magazine]

TERM LIMITS | A bipartisan group of Michigan legislators and activists is creating a package of good governance bills that features a key component to relax term limits on state legislators. Michigan passed term limits in 1992, and is one of only 15 states with legislative term limits. Elected officials are limited to three two-year terms in the House and two four-year terms in the Senate, for a total of 14 years. Michigan Chamber of Commerce CEO Rich Studley said that term limits make it hard for new legislators to become legislative experts. “Having the most severe term limits in the country, especially in the House, can make it really tough for newly elected lawmakers to get to know their colleagues, understand the process, then come up to speed on an issue and identify a solution,” he said. But Patrick Anderson, who helped author the 1992 term limits amendment, said that Michigan has a more diverse government now, noting that the state elected the first woman governor, attorney general, and secretary of state since the amendment was put in place. “One of the reasons we wanted to have term limits in Michigan was to open the door for people who traditionally had a very difficult time getting a shot at running in an open seat. And on this one criteria, term limits has been a smashing success. We clearly opened a door,” he said. [Bridge MI; WWMT]

COLORADO BORDER WALL | In a speech on Wednesday, President Trump said that the U.S. is building a wall in Colorado, saying it would be “a big one that really works—that you can't get over, you can't get under." Colorado Gov. Jared Polis, a Democrat, posted on Facebook that building a wall in Colorado was nonsensical. “Well this is awkward...Colorado doesn't border Mexico. Good thing Colorado now offers free full day kindergarten so our kids can learn basic geography," he said. Former Gov. John Hickenlooper took to Twitter, tagging U.S. Sens. Martin Heinrich and Tom Udall. "Hey @TeamHeinrich & @tomudall do one of you want to break it to @realDonaldTrump that Colorado's border is with New Mexico, not Mexico...or should I?" he posted. Trump later posted on Twitter that he was “kidding” and meant that people from Colorado will see the benefit of a border wall with Mexico. [Business Insider; CBS Denver]

SEXUAL HARASSMENT | A judge ruled that Louisiana Gov. John Bel Edwards’ administration has 30 more days to turn over public records related to alleged sexual harassment by a former staffer. The request was filed in August by Juanita Washington and the group Truth in Politics, which is campaigning against Edwards in the November election. Washington has alleged sexual harassment by former Edwards’ deputy chief of staff Johnny Anderson, who was asked to resign in 2017. Washington and Anderson settled out of court, with neither party admitting wrongdoing. The public records request asks for texts and emails between certain Edwards staffers, but specifies no time period or topic, which Matthew Block, the administration’s executive legal counsel, said means that two attorneys now have to sift through thousands of documents. “We have other responsibilities other than public records requests that take up a significant amount of our time. It’s clear that this is about the election and they are essentially weaponizing the public records request law so they can use public taxpayer dollars to do political research,” he said. Washington said that the governor’s office hasn’t used all of their options. “There are several other lawyers in the governor’s office. I believe that this is a deliberate attempt to withhold my truth,” she said. [WAFB; BRProud]

LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR MANSION | The Pennsylvania state senate voted unanimously to transfer control of lieutenant governor’s mansion to the Department of Military and Veteran Affairs, with the intention of using the property to support veterans’ programs. Lieutenant Gov. John Fetterman, a Democrat, does not live at the mansion, choosing instead to rent an apartment in the state capitol. He opened the pool at the home to local children this summer, and said he looks forward to handing the property off. “Pennsylvania does not owe me or my family a staffed mansion to live in. The supreme honor and privilege of serving as your LG is many, many multiples more than enough,” he tweeted. [Associated Press; Trib Live]

Emma Coleman is the assistant editor for Route Fifty. 

NEXT STORY: Seeking Attention For City Priorities From 2020 Presidential Candidates

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